Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (720 words) - Psychology

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (720 words) - Psychology Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Chapter 5, Learning Vocabulary, Key Terms Acquisition: The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired. Applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification): The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior. Associative learning: Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association between two events. Aversive conditioning: A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus. Avoidance learning: An organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response. Behaviorism: A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping. Classical conditioning: Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Conditioned response (CR): The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after a conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing. Conditioned stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Counter-conditioning: A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response. Discrimination (operant conditioning): Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. Extinction (operant conditioning): Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced. Generalization (operant conditioning): Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation. Habituation: Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Insight learning: A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight or understanding of a problem's solution. Instinctive drift: The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. Latent learning or implicit learning: Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. Law of effect: Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened by positive outcomes and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. Learned helplessness: Through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes. Learning: A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. Negative punishment: The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. Negative reinforcement: The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior. Observational learning: Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior. Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning): A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change alters the probability of the behavior's occurrence. Positive punishment: The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. Positive reinforcement: The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior. Preparedness: The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others. Primary reinforcer: A reinforcer that is innately satisfying: one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable. Punishment: A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Reinforcement: The process by which a stimulus or an event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability the behavior will happen again. Schedules of reinforcement: Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced. Secondary reinforcer: A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience: a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer. Shaping: Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior. Spontaneous recovery: The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay with further conditioning. Unconditioned response (UR): An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. Unconditioned stimulus (US): A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.